The first section of the GMAT exam is called the Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA). In this section you are required to write two essays in 1 hour (30 minutes per essay). The essays are "Analysis of an Issue" and "Analysis of an Argument". You must write your essay in answer to a question prompt in the test.
Each essay question can be answered without the need for specialized knowledge of any particular subject. You are not being tested on specific subject knowledge - instead you are being tested on your ability to express your thoughts and ideas clearly and concisely, and communicate effectively in writing.
Analysis of an Argument Essay
The Analysis of an Argument question includes a short piece of text of about 4 or 5 sentences. This passage states a point of view or theory and then gives evidence to support it. Often, this may be to do with improving the performance of a business etc. Your are required to assess the structure of the argument and then explain how persuasive or unpersuasive you find it. You should not give a personal opinion on the topic - you will lost point if you do this. Remain focused on the question and do not try to provide alternative theories or points of view.
Things to look for in the argument of the question:
What is the conclusion of the argument?
What evidence is used to support the conclusion?
Does the writer make assumptions in moving from evidence to conclusion, and if so, what are they?
Is the argument persuasive or not?
What would make the argument stronger or weaker? (e.g. additional evidence, change in line of reasoning)
Analysis of an Issue Essay
The Analysis of an Issue question presents you with a general issue. Sometimes two points of view are given and sometimes you will see only one point of view. Your task here is to explore the issue, form an opinion, and then express your opinion clearly. The instructions in the question will explain that you may include reasons or examples from your own experience or observations.
There is no "correct" answer, so it doesn't matter which side of the argument you choose. What matters is that you develop an opinion, explain it clearly and provide some examples to support your ideas.
Most test takers find Analysis of an Issue the easier of the two essay questions.
GMAT Essay Scores
Each essay on the GMAT Analytical Writing Assessment is graded from 0-6. Each essay is examined by two graders - one human, and one computer. If they disagree, a third grader (another human) will be called in to make the final decision.